Stability and control of power systems with high penetrations of inverter-based resources: An accessible review of current knowledge and open questions

Kenyon, Richard; Bossart, Matthew; Markovic, Marija; Doubleday, Kate; Matsuda-Dunn, Reiko; Mitova, Stefania; Julien, Simon A.; Hale, Elaine; Hodge, Bri-Mathias

doi:10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.053

Title: Stability and control of power systems with high penetrations of inverter-based resources: An accessible review of current knowledge and open questions

Journal Article · Fri Jun 19 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Solar Energy

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.053· OSTI ID:1660134

^[1]; Bossart, Matthew ^[2]; Markovic, Marija ^[2];

^[1]; Matsuda-Dunn, Reiko ^[1]; Mitova, Stefania ^[2]; Julien, Simon A. ^[2]; Hale, Elaine ^[3];

^[1]

National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

As power system renewable energy penetrations increase, the ways in which key renewable technologies such as wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) differ from thermal generators become more apparent. Many studies have examined the variability and uncertainty of such generators and described how generation and load can be balanced for a wide variety of annual energy penetrations, at timescales from seconds to years. Another important characteristic of these resources is asynchronicity, the result of using inverters to interface the prime energy source with the power system as opposed to synchronous generators. Unlike synchronous generators, whose frequency of alternating current (AC) injection is physically coupled to the rotation of the machine itself, inverter based asynchronous generators do not share the same physical coupling with the generated frequency. These subtle differences impact the operations of power systems developed around the characteristics of synchronous generators. In this paper we review current knowledge and open research questions concerning the interplay between asynchronous inverter-based resources (IBRs) and cycle- to second-scale power system dynamics, with a focus on how stability and control may be impacted or need to be achieved differently when there are high instantaneous penetrations of IBRs across an interconnection. This work does not seek to provide a comprehensive review of the latest developments, but is instead intended to be accessible to any reader with an engineering background and an interest in power systems and renewable energy. As such, the paper includes basic material on power electronics, control schemes for IBRs, and power system stability; and uses this background material to describe potential impacts of IBRs on power system stability, operational challenges associated with large amounts of distributed IBR generation, and modern power system simulation trends driven by IBR characteristics.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1660134

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1809424

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5D00-76582; MainId:7256; UUID:9b9da5b3-f107-4dde-b84d-ae25199a7db3; MainAdminID:15171

Journal Information:: Solar Energy, Vol. 210; ISSN 0038-092X

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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14 SOLAR ENERGY
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Title: Stability and control of power systems with high penetrations of inverter-based resources: An accessible review of current knowledge and open questions

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